Actor · non-state · Africa
M23 / AFC
Assessed 15 September 2026
Assessment
M23/AFC holds Goma and Bukavu and keeps clashing with FARDC in North and South Kivu while negotiating in Doha, having agreed a sequenced peace roadmap on Aug 23 and accepted ceasefire monitors in Minembwe and Uvira from Aug 24. Reporting on Sept 15 described it running parallel administrations in the cities it holds and drawing revenue from taxation, coltan and cross-border trade; it is not a party to the Rwanda-DRC Geneva talks of Sept 16-17.
Recent, assessed
- 2026-09-15Roundup reporting describes M23 running parallel governance in Goma and Bukavu and extracting revenue from taxation, coltan and cross-border trade. (single-sourced) allafrica.com
Level history
Levels set by research reviews. A level set by hand is shown at the top of the page while it is in force and is not part of this history.
| Date | Level | Review |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-09-15 | 3 | Weekly review |
| 2026-09-14 | 3 | Weekly review |
| 2026-09-12 | 3 | Weekly review |
| 2026-09-12 | 3 | Baseline |
Latest headlines 0
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